Category: Navy

20th C Naval Warfare history book – “The Dawn of Carrier Strike” (Seaforth Publishing, 2019) – David Hobbs- WarScholar written interview 5

Check out the book here.

https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Dawn-of-Carrier-Strike-Hardback/p/15667

When it comes to modern naval warfare, aircraft carriers have a huge hold on popular imagination. Giant behemoths sailing across vast expanses and sending off squadrons of deadly aircraft taking the fight to the enemy. But how often do people think about what it took to develop such formidable fighting machines?

The United States Navy was very successful in utilizing aircraft carriers in World War II and so might it be said were the Japanese except for the fact that they had to fight the Americans. Unfortunately, the work of the British Royal Navy in developing the aircraft carrier before WWII is not often considered. Their efforts are not as widely discussed.

David Hobbs is making the effort to remind us all of British aircraft carrier development and operations with his new book on the subject. I spoke with him about his book The Dawn of Carrier Strike and their struggle to ensure victory in the next great war that was expected to follow WWI.

How did you become interested in studying and writing on the subject of your book?

I have always been fascinated by the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm and have written extensively about its history. This book fills the gap between my earlier books on The British Pacific Fleet (Seaforth, 2011 and further editions) and The Royal Navy’s Air Service (Seaforth, 2017). Other titles in the series include The British Carrier Strike Fleet after 1945 (Seaforth, 2015), British Aircraft Carriers (Seaforth, 2013) and A Century of Carrier Aviation (Seaforth, 2009). I am working on the next book in the series which will cover the attack on the Italian Fleet at Taranto in 1940 by RN Swordfish torpedo-bombers and naval air warfare in the Mediterranean from 1940 to 1944.

What are the major themes of this book?

I describe the continuing development of naval aviation between 1918 and 1940, culminating in the first carrier strike operations ever carried out by any navy and use, as an example, the naval career of Lieutenant William Paulet (Bill) Lucy DSO RN. He was the first British fighter ‘ace’ of the Second World War and led the first air attack to sink a major enemy warship, the German cruiser Konigsberg.

After WWI, how much emphasis did the British government put on supporting the advancement of carrier operations and technology? Was there any post WWI war weariness that affected the Royal Navy’s development of new tactics and techniques?

WW1 war weariness had no discernible effect on RN tactics and techniques as they evolved from 1919 onwards. The Admiralty had invested heavily in aircraft prior to the Armistice as a means of taking the fight to the enemy in his harbours, locating enemy ships at sea and countering the U-boat threat. After the war the Admiralty wanted to go on developing aircraft as a means of maintaining its edge over any navy that might pose a potential threat to the British Empire. The problem was the existence of the newly independent air force which was seen by the Government as the focal point on all air matters but which had no interest in naval warfare and opposed every Admiralty attempt to increase the number of aircraft that could be embarked in His Majesty’s ships as well as the uses to which they could be put. The problem was not resolved until 1937 when the Minister for Defence Co-ordination returned full control of aircraft embarked in ships and their support facilities ashore to the Admiralty.

How much tension and how much cooperation was there between the RAF and the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm in developing flight technology and operations? I imagine resources were limited in the period between 1918 and 1940 and the two services might have been very competitive in the political arena.

The period of dual control which afflicted the Fleet Air Arm between 1918 and 1937 severely limited the development of aviation for naval purposes. The US and Japanese navies suffered no similar restriction and although they were far behind Britain in capability in 1919, both drew well ahead by 1939. The RAF concentration on strategic bombing was a disastrous policy that led to near defeat in 1940 when British forces were opposed in Norway, Belgium and France by German air units trained to give tactical support to their army and RAF bombers made no effective contribution to the war. It was not so much that the two services were competing for resources, more that the Government accepted every theory put forward by the RAF without realising that it needed to be tested. More could have been achieved with less had it not been for theoretical RAF dogma. Note the absurdity of RN pilots having to have RAF ranks, which were often not the same as their RN rank, whereas observers, who were not recognised as aircrew by the RAF did not.

Who were the major leaders in the Royal Navy as far as pushing the advancement of carrier operations forward?

All of them to a certain extent. If I had to single out any by name who were exceptional they would be:
Admiral Chatfield, the First Sea Lord who won back full control of the Fleet Air Arm for the RN in 1937.
Admiral J D Cunningham, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff who helped Chatfield in his fight to regain full control of the Fleet Air Arm. Later became First Sea Lord himself.
Admiral Bell Davies VC, a veteran of the RNAS and the first pilot in the world to land on and take off from an aircraft carrier, he served in the Admiralty between the wars and was Rear Admiral Naval Air Stations when the Admiralty resumed full control from 1937.
Admiral Henderson, Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers and the Third Sea Lord/Controller, who re-organised the Fleet Air Arm into the system of squadrons still in use today and was later responsible for the armoured carriers of the Illustrious class – the world’s biggest aircraft carrier construction programme in 1939.
Admiral Lyster, Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers Mediterranean, the visionary behind the strike on the Italian Fleet at its harbour in Taranto.
Captain Boyd, another visionary who believed in naval aviation and commanded HMS Illustrious during the Taranto attack.
Admiral de Robeck, C-in-C Mediterranean in the early 1920s who first pointed out the failure of the RAF to provide the aircraft the navy needed to do its job.

The whole RN believed implicitly in the use of aircraft in sea warfare and agreed that it was let down by the RAF and successive Governments that failed either to recognise the problem or do anything to remedy it.

Are you able to touch on the major engineering changes that occurred in both the aircraft and with the carriers (landing area configurations, landing gear, locations of the island, elevators, etc.) during this period and how effective these changes were?

Changes in aircraft technology included brakes which allowed aircraft to run up to full power before starting a take-off roll, thus shortening it, and to taxi out of a densely-packed range aft, effectively increasing the number of aircraft that could be launched at any one time. Night/blind flying instrumentation that allowed aircraft to operate at night or in bad weather. Aircraft engines in the 1,000 horse power class not only enabled higher speeds but greatly increased the load-carrying capacity of naval aircraft. Aircraft of all-metal, monoplane construction proved to be faster and more robust than their biplane predecessors.

Aircraft armament improved dramatically in this period although here, too, the pedestrian policies followed by the RAF were of little value. Airborne torpedoes with explosive warheads designed specifically for them proved to be the best ship-killing weapons of the war. Armour-piercing bombs dropped by dive bombers (which the RAF said would never work) also proved effective. 20mm cannon replaced rifle-calibre machine guns in the air-to-air role and proved far more effective. Early depth charges specified by the RAF proved to be of little value and were replaced by Admiralty-designed weapons that proved far more effective in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Aircraft carrier developments included the safety barrier that protected aircraft that had just landed from those landing after them and allowed much quicker landing times by larger numbers of aircraft. The deck landing control officer or ‘batsman’ produced more accurate landings and helped to speed up landings by large numbers of aircraft. The starboard-side island proved a great success as did special flight deck lighting which allowed aircraft to take-off and land safely in the dark. Development of catapults for use in battleships and cruisers as well as aircraft carriers was carried forward successfully between the wars and the Admiralty invested heavily in the former to use aircraft for reconnaissance as well as correcting the gunfire of battleships and cruisers in surface actions. The 6 armoured carriers of the Illustrious class were a great technological achievement. Armoured flight decks saved at least two ships from probable destruction when hit by enemy dive-bombers in the Mediterranean and kamikazes in the Pacific and minimized damage to others.

Who were the major enemies that the Royal Navy was most worried about and how did that affect how they approached carrier operations? How did these worries change during the inter-war period?

Until Nazi Germany started to re-arm after 1933, Japan was seen as the most likely enemy since it coveted the oil and mineral wealth controlled by Great Britain and the Netherlands in the Far East. From 1935, Germany became the most likely enemy although Italy was seen as a major threat after the Abyssinian Crisis in 1935. The possibility of war with all three had to be accepted as a real possibility when British re-armament began in 1936. RAF bombers proved to be of no help to the RN in operations against Italy or Japan and of only marginal maritime use against Germany.

What resource materials did you use for your research?

I have an extensive library and archive of books, documents and images built up over many decades of research. The Lucy family made a number of invaluable documents and photographs available for which I was most grateful. The list of primary and secondary source material fills 5 pages in the book’s Bibliography, much of it researched from the collections in the National Archive at Kew, the Ministry of Defence Archive formerly at Hayes, the Naval Historical Branch at Portsmouth and the Fleet Air Arm Museum.

What part of the research process was most enjoyable for you?

I find all reading and research into the subject enjoyable.

Was there anything that you discovered that moved you?

Having access to the Lucy family archive meant a great deal. The letters written to Bill Lucy’s father after he was killed in action over Norway in May 1940 moved me. They ranged from His Majesty King George VI, through Admirals and Captains to the men of 803 Naval Air Squadron that he led so successfully in action from RNAS Hatston and the aircraft carriers Glorious and Ark Royal.

What do you hope the book will do for readers?

I hope it will inform the public how much was achieved by the Royal Navy’s air arm. Many people think that the leader in carrier aviation was the US Navy. However, much of the development was carried out by the Royal Navy and later adopted by the USN. There is also a mistaken view that the RAF carried out every air combat but I show that it was the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm that had to fight in the sky over Norway in the Spring of 1940. In the final chapters I explain that the German Luftwaffe deployed about 800 combat aircraft to this campaign. They were opposed by a handful of gallant RN carrier-borne aircrew with about 30 Blackburn Skua fighters which were actually slower in level flight than every enemy aircraft but for several weeks it was the Skuas that had the best of every airborne fight. Not only did they deter enemy bombers from attacking ships and the Allied troops ashore, the same aircraft and aircrew attacked enemy airfields, ships and forces on the ground with bombs. Their story deserves to be widely understood and remembered. More than half of them were killed in action, including Bill Lucy and his observer Lieutenant Michael Hanson DSC RN.

What is your next writing project?

My next writing project follows logically on from ‘The Dawn of Carrier Strike’ and describes the attack by Swordfish aircraft from HMS Illustrious on the Italian Fleet at Taranto in November 1940 and naval air warfare in the Mediterranean between 1940 and 1945. The manuscript is to be with Seaforth publishing in late 2020 for publication early in 2021.

Author Biography
Name Commander David Hobbs MBE RN (Retired)
Position Independent naval historian
Biography Mr. Hobbs served in the Royal Navy from 1964 to 1997 and retired with the rank of Commander. During that time he qualified as both a fixed and rotary-wing pilot and his log book contains 2,300 flying hours and over 800 deck landings. During one appointment in the Ministry of Defence he developed carrier operating techniques for the Invincible class light carriers including the operation of Sea Harriers at night and in bad weather which were facilitated by the Deck Approach Projector Sight, a concept he drove forward. For three years he was the RN representative in an Information Exchange Programme with the US Navy, through which he was closely involved with AV-8A Harrier trials at sea.

After retiring from the Royal Navy Mr. Hobbs was the Curator of the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton for eight years and is now a full-time independent historian. He has written books and articles for journals over a number of years, winning the Aerospace Journalist of the Year, Best Defence Submission in Paris in 2005 and the Navy League of Australia Essay prize in 2008. He lectures on naval subjects world-wide, including on cruise ships, and has appeared on radio and television in several countries. his first book was published in 1982 while he was still serving in the RN and since then he has written many more.

Work being discussed THE DAWN OF CARRIER STRIKE
and the world of Lieutenant W P Lucy DSO RN
Seaforth Publishing – Barnsley – 2019

Check out the book here.

https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Dawn-of-Carrier-Strike-Hardback/p/15667

WWII and Cold War history book – “War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941-1972” (University of Kentucky Press, 2019) – Hal Friedman interview

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Dr. Hal M. Friedman is Associate Chair of History and Professor of Modern History at Henry Ford College. He has published multiple books on U.S. national security policy in the immediate postwar Pacific. He recently edited a book on the same subject and we spoke about the subject matter and the process of publishing essay collections.

0:46 Hal talks about how he got into writing on this subject and how his father had fought in WWII.

3:25 – Hal wanted to do a collection that marked the 60th anniversary of Operation Crossroads. He talks about how this collection came about.

6:16 – Hal talks about the essays in the book and the Pacific thread that binds them together.

9:25 – Hal talks about his trilogy on American national security in the Pacific basin and how those connect to this book.   The U.S. dropped Japan as the main enemy and replaced it with the Soviet Union.

11:00 – Hal brings up the term American Lake for the Pacific.

15:00 – Hal talks about the goals of the US Navy before and after WWII.

21:00 – Hal talks about how the nuclear situation was addressed right after WWII.

24:20 – Hal talks about how European colonialism affected American security plans in the Pacific.

27:04 – Hal talks about how the US tried to eject all non-native foreigners, including European Catholic missionaries, from the Micronesia Islands.

30:22 – Hal discusses the economics of the American security program in the Pacific.

44:00 – Hal talks about how he put the book together.

46:19 – Hal discusses how R1 type institutions don’t respect other institutions as much as they should.

47:52 – Hal talks about the difficulties of putting together a book of history essays.

50:00 – Hal talks about the Association of the US Army authors’ day and how helpful University of Kentucky Press has been.

52:39 – Hal talks about his next project – U.S. war plans for the Pacific from 1945-1947.

53:39 – Hal can be found at the University of Kentucky Press website.

56:36 – Hal mentions that the history field is doing badly.

Links of interest

https://www.kentuckypress.com/live/title_detail.php?titleid=5527#.XY_4w397mM8

https://www.tamupress.com/search-results/?keyword=Arguing-over-the-American-Lake

For more “Military History Inside Out” please follow me on Facebook at warscholar, on twitter at Warscholar, on youtube at warscholar1945 and on Instagram @crisalvarezswarscholar

Guests: Hal Friedman

Host: Cris Alvarez

Tags: military, history, military history, conflict, war, interview, non-fiction book, crossroads, naval history, pacific war, kentucky, henry ford, micronesia, navy, marines, marshall, chiang kai-shek, okinawa, Soviet Union, Japan, communism, nuclear war, spruance, colonialism, Interior, AUSA, OPLANS

World War One history book – “Southern Thunder” (Seaforth Publishing, 2019) – Steve R. Dunn – WarScholar written interview 2

https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Southern-Thunder-Hardback/p/15693

World War I naval operations evoke images of high seas and winter pea coats. That’s because much of the war at sea occurred around the coastlines of Northern Europe. It was most often a war of German u-boats silently hunting their prey and British ships patrolling for danger in cold and dangerous conditions. In his new book Southern Thunder, author Steven Dunn examines this brutal contest from the point of view of the Royal Navy.

One of the Royal Navy’s principal tasks was to stop trade between Germany and other nations who remained neutral or on the sidelines during the war. This included the Scandinavian nations and the United States. The Royal Navy was obliged to keep a sharp eye out to protect its own trading partners from u-boats and to stop and seize the ships trading with the enemy. It was no doubt a thankless but important job.

Though World War One ended 101 years ago, the importance and the devastation of that war live on. I posed some questions to Steven Dunn about Southern Thunder: The Royal Navy and the Scandinavian Trade in World War One and about the Royal navy’s activities.

How did you become interested in studying and writing on the subject of your book?

Southern Thunder is the last of a quartet of books dedicated to an examination of the British naval blockade of Germany in World War One. My interest in this little-known aspect of the war is part of my determination to ascribe to the Royal Navy more credit for British and Allied eventual success in the war than is generally allowed, a contribution which is often overlooked or played down.

Of course, the slaughter on the Western Front was an important part of the victory; but the Royal Navy’s maintenance of command of the sea denied Germany essential materiel and foodstuffs which eventually broke the morale of her people and hence that of her troops. Command of the sea also prevented Germany breaking Britain’s own supply chain through cruiser and U-boat warfare, although it was sometimes a close-run thing.

What aspect of this subject does your book focus on?

The book focuses on the naval plans and actions to prevent the three key Scandinavian countries, Norway, Sweden and Denmark, from supplying goods to the German war effort, either from their own resources or by acting as a channel for imports from abroad, primarily the USA.

All three countries had declared themselves neutral in August 1914 but attempted to make commercial gains from supplying to both sides of the conflict, and in some cases clearly leaning towards the Germany. It was the role of the Royal Navy and the British government to prevent such supply and ensure that Britain gained the resources she needed.

What are the major themes of this book?

The book examines the mechanics of blockade, the naval actions that supported it, the political and diplomatic campaign waged alongside the naval one, and the German response. It exposes governmental indecision and naval frustration, political negotiations, American profiteering and the impact of blockade on the Scandinavians themselves. The book’s narrative shows the day-today efforts of the Royal Navy in their attempts to cut off the Scando-German trade whilst protecting British commerce across the North Sea from predation by German submarines.

Additionally, Southern Thunder details the story of the introduction of convoy, throwing a different light on the traditional narrative, tells the compelling story of two set piece battles to defend Scandinavian convoys and pays due respect to those who lost their lives in the cold waters of the North Sea.

How did the Royal Navy handle Scandinavian ships trying to cross the blockade?  Did these stops get violent? Were goods confiscated and crews imprisoned?

The Royal Navy stopped and searched all vessels it suspected of carrying contraband (i.e. goods for the enemy). Ships were usually instructed to heave-to by signal and then a small boat carrying a boarding and search party sent across. There was seldom violence but often passive resistance.

If contraband was found or believed to be present, a prize crew was put aboard and the ship sailed to a British port. Goods were then fully inspected and if appropriate condemned by a prize court. Vessels carrying contraband would be impounded and also condemned by the court.

Did you get a sense of how the German u-boats and British naval ships were able to track which Scandinavian ships were helping the enemy and which were supporting their side in trade?  Was it mainly an issue of which trade routes were being used by the ship in question?

Trade routes were predictable and therefore ships easy to track in the beginning. Choke points on the approach to ports were the most dangerous. The Germans used espionage at Scandinavian ports to discover planned sailings.

The British stopped all ships that they encountered, if they could. The Germans torpedoed or otherwise sank on sight after the Unrestricted Submarine War declarations of February 1915 and January 1917.

The geographic area at issue seems to have been quite cramped operationally speaking.  Did you come across any unusual events that occurred with so much ship activity going on in that area during the war?

In such a cramped environment and with the prevailing bad weather conditions for most of the year, ships were often in danger of collision. One must remember that there was no radar or other form of becoming aware of another ship, apart from the ‘mark 1 eyeball’.

The tragic collision between HMS Marmion and HMS Tirade in October 1917 was such an event. In a filthy night of high seas and strong winds the two ships literally drove into each other and seventy-six men from Marmion died.

What goods were the Scandinavian countries shipping to the countries fighting in WWI?

Was a lot of this shipping conducted with the open support of the Scandinavian governments or were the shippers generally behaving as “mercenaries” on their own?

Britain and German both required iron ore, copper ores, pit props and other timber and fish from Norway and Sweden. Additionally, Sweden exported some horses to Germany. Denmark exported diary products, meat and horses.

All three countries re-exported to Germany goods supplied by America. Export was undertaken with the consent of their governments who were placed under diplomatic pressure to prevent it by Britain and Germany, pressure which was generally ignored. They seldom stopped for very long until the British set up the Ministry of Blockade in 1916 and began to apply severe sanctions. The trade only really ceased after America joined the war and banned its own citizens from supply to the Scandinavia, except by quota.

What resource materials did you use for your research?

The book required a considerable amount of research. It is my writing style to try to source as many first-hand accounts of the subject as possible. Contemporary books and newspapers were a help here, as were the many personal diaries and notes held at institutions such as The National Archives at Kew, the Imperial War Museum in London, the Churchill Archive, Churchill College, Cambridge (my favourite archive!), the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, the University of Edinburgh, the Liddle Collection, Leeds University Library, and the Shetland Museum and Archive, Lerwick.

What are some of your favorite naval vessels or civilian ships from this period and why?

I think one has to admire the crews of the old River-class destroyers, already largely obsolescent at the start of the war, lightly armed, smaller than the U-boats they sought to find and sink and never intended for blue water operation in the North Sea. They were pressed into service as U-boat hunters and convoy escorts and the quotidian bravery of captains and crews in vessels such as HMS Itchen and HMS Ouse deserves our respect.

What part of the research process was most enjoyable for you?

Sometimes I wonder if in a previous life I was a detective! I love tracking points through various archive materials to get to a new or fresh aspect. And reading original documents, written at the time, now yellowing and often hard to read, allows the author to access the real men behind the actions they fought.

What did you discover in your research that most surprised you?

I was surprised at the number of sailing ships still in use in the North Sea during 1914-18 for transport of goods and people. They were easy prey for U-boats.

Was there anything you discovered that moved you?

I never fail to be surprised and awed at the quotidian and understated stoicism and bravery of the ordinary sailors, naval and merchant, of that time.

What do you hope the book will do for readers?

With the passing of the centenary I believe there is a real danger that the First World War will begin to diminish in the public consciousness. This would be a betrayal of those who fought and died in a terrible conflict. We have to work even harder to make sure they are not forgotten and I hope that my books will cause people to reflect on the war’s legacy, good and bad, and that peace always has a price.

Moreover, many people have told me they were surprised to discover just how the Scandinavians involved themselves in the war behind a cloak of neutrality.

Did you have any difficulties in finishing the book and publishing it and if so, how did you overcome those?

The book was commissioned by the specialist naval publisher, Seaforth, who have published the last four of my books.

It is both difficult to start and to finish a book. I have a writing strategy by which I write a quick ‘version one’, which allows me to understand how the book starts and finishes. I then write a fuller version which expands key points and lets me see where I need to do further research. And finally, I write a third and final draft.

What are your future writing projects?

I am currently writing for two commissions, a book which looks at the Royal Navy’s actions immediately after the First World War, to be published by Seaforth in January 2020, and another which examines the broader history of the Royal Navy to be published in January 2021.

Do you have any online accounts where people can find more of your work?   

Interested readers can view my website at;

www.steverdunn.com

I am on Twitter at @SteveRDunn

My books are available from all good bookshops, and on-line from Amazon and Pen and Sword

Steve R Dunn is an author with a special interest in the Royal Navy of the early 20th century and World War One. He has seven published books to his credit, with another two commissioned for 2020 and 2021, and is a regular speaker on the topics raised in his work. When not writing Steve plays tennis and cooks. He lives in Worcestershire, England, and South West France. He is a member of The Society for Nautical Research and the Britannia Naval Research Association.

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