Tag: History Buff

Battles of December 18 plus museums and artwork information

Battles of December 18 including descriptions of the battles, geographic locations, associated artwork, and museums where a person can find associated artifacts and artwork.

1. The Battle of Moodkee (Mudki)

Date: December 18, 1845

  • War: First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846)
  • Cause: Tensions rose after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, leading to disorder in the Sikh Empire. The Sikh Khalsa Army crossed the Sutlej River (seen by the British as a hostile act), prompting the British East India Company to declare war. The British forces, marching from Ambala, were surprised by a Sikh force at Moodkee.
  • Result: British Victory. Although the British won, they suffered heavy casualties and were shocked by the discipline and effectiveness of the Sikh artillery and infantry. It was a “pyrrhic” opening victory that set the tone for a brutal war.

Paintings & Art

  • Painting: Battle of Moodkee, 1845
    • Artist: W. Kohler (Engraver), after L’Enfant Bros.
    • Year: c. 1845–1850
  • Painting: The Battle of Moodkee
    • Artist: Michael Angelo Hayes
    • Year: c. 1880
  • Painting: Charge of the 3rd Light Dragoons at Moodkee
    • Artist: Henry Martens
    • Year: c. 1846

Museums & Artifacts

  • National Army Museum (London, UK): Holds prints, medals, and uniforms from the Anglo-Sikh Wars, including the Moodkee medal awarded to British soldiers.
  • The Royal Armouries (Leeds, UK): Houses captured Sikh weaponry, including matchlock muskets and talwar swords typical of those used at Moodkee.
  • Punjab State War Heroes’ Memorial & Museum (Amritsar, India): Dedicated to the martial tradition of Punjab; contains exhibits and narratives regarding the Anglo-Sikh wars.

Location

  • General: Mudki, Ferozepur District, Punjab, India.
  • Coordinates: 30°47′N 74°53′E

Recommended Book

2. The End of the Battle of Verdun

Date: Battle ended on December 18, 1916 (Fought from February 21 – December 18, 1916)

  • War: World War I (1914–1918)
  • Cause: The German Chief of General Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, planned to attack the fortress city of Verdun to “bleed France white.” He believed the French would throw every man into defending the historic site, allowing German artillery to inflict massive casualties.
  • Result: French Tactical Victory. After 302 days of hellish fighting and over 700,000 combined casualties, the German offensive failed to capture the city. By December 18, French counter-offensives had pushed the Germans back close to their starting lines.

Paintings & Art

  • Painting: Verdun (An abstract, geometric representation of the battle’s violence)
    • Artist: Félix Vallotton
    • Year: 1917
  • Painting: The Ruins of Verdun
    • Artist: François Flameng
    • Year: 1916
  • Sketch/Art: Verdun, the Battle of the Forts (Various field sketches)
    • Artist: Georges Leroux
    • Year: c. 1916

Museums & Artifacts

  • Mémorial de Verdun (Fleury-devant-Douaumont, France): The premier museum located on the actual battlefield, housing thousands of artifacts, vehicles, and immersive displays.
  • Musée de l’Armée (Paris, France): Contains extensive WWI collections, including the uniforms of Generals Pétain and Nivelle, and paintings by Vallotton.
  • National WWI Museum and Memorial (Kansas City, USA): Houses a vast collection of Great War artifacts, including specific sections dedicated to the Western Front and Verdun.

Location

  • General: Verdun, Meuse department, Grand Est region, France.
  • Coordinates: 49°12′29″N 5°25′19″E

Recommended Book

3. The Battle of the Mississinewa

Date: December 17–18, 1812 (Key counter-attack occurred on December 18)

  • War: War of 1812 (1812–1815)
  • Cause: U.S. forces under Colonel John B. Campbell were ordered to destroy Miami Indian villages along the Mississinewa River to prevent the tribe from joining the British and Tecumseh’s confederacy.
  • Result: U.S. Victory (Tactical). After destroying villages on the 17th, the U.S. camp was fiercely attacked by Miami warriors before dawn on December 18. The U.S. repelled the attack but suffered heavy casualties and severe frostbite, forcing a retreat. It effectively neutralized the Miami tribe’s ability to wage large-scale war for the season.

Paintings & Art

  • Note: Contemporary fine art for this specific skirmish is rare. Visuals are primarily found in later historical illustrations and reenactment photography.
  • Illustration: The Battle of Mississinewa (Various educational plates)
    • Artist: Modern historical illustrators (e.g., works commissioned for the Mississinewa Battlefield Society).
    • Year: Late 20th Century.

Museums & Artifacts

  • Grant County Historical Society / Museum (Marion, Indiana, USA): Holds artifacts related to the battle and the local history of the Miami Indians.
  • Smithsonian National Museum of American History (Washington, D.C., USA): Contains general War of 1812 uniforms and weaponry similar to those used by Campbell’s dragoons.
  • Mississinewa 1812 (La Fontaine, IN): While an event rather than a museum, this site hosts the largest War of 1812 living history reenactment in the U.S. and maintains the battlefield markers.

Location

  • General: Near Jalapa, Grant County, Indiana, USA.
  • Coordinates: 40°38′N 85°44′W

Recommended Book

4. Operation Vijay (The Invasion of Goa)

Date: Commenced December 18, 1961 (December 17-19, 1961)

  • War: Annexation of Portuguese India
  • Cause: After years of failed diplomatic efforts to get Portugal to hand over its Indian colonies (Goa, Daman, and Diu) and a series of border incidents, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ordered the Indian Armed Forces to liberate the territories by force.
  • Result: Decisive Indian Victory. The operation lasted less than 48 hours. By the end of December 18, Indian troops had penetrated deep into Goa, and the Portuguese garrison surrendered the following day, ending 451 years of colonial rule.

Paintings & Art

  • Note: The visual history of this battle is dominated by photography rather than canvas art.
  • Artifact/Monument: The Azad Maidan Memorial (Dedicated to freedom fighters)
    • Location: Panaji, Goa.
  • Photography: Portuguese Surrender at Vasco da Gama
    • Photographer: Various press photographers.
    • Year: December 19, 1961.

Museums & Artifacts

  • Naval Aviation Museum (Vasco da Gama, Goa, India): Displays aircraft and equipment used by the Indian Navy during the blockade and invasion.
  • Indian War Memorial Museum (New Delhi, India): Dedicates sections to post-independence wars, including Operation Vijay.
  • Museu do Aljube (Lisbon, Portugal): A museum dedicated to resistance against the dictatorship; covers the colonial wars and the political fallout of the loss of Goa.

Location

  • General: Goa, India (Primary landings at Panaji and Mormugao).
  • Coordinates: 15°23′N 73°49′E

Recommended Book

Books for sale

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Contact Information

For more “Military History Inside Out” please follow me at www.warscholar.org, on Facebook at warscholar, on twitter at Warscholar, on youtube at warscholar1945 and on Instagram @crisalvarezswarscholar. Or subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | Spotify

Tags: military museum, military artwork, battles, Military History, War History, Battle Art, War Paintings, War Art, Military Art, Museum Visit, Art History, Historical Artifacts, Museum Collection, Battlefield Tours, History Museum, Museum Life, History In Art, Historic Preservation December 18, On This Day, History, Military History, War History, Historical Events, History Buff, World History, Battle Of Moodkee, Anglo Sikh War,  Sikh History, Verdun, WWI, Great War, Bataille De Verdun, War Of 1812, Battle Of Mississinewa, Indiana History, Operation Vijay, Goa Liberation, Indian Army, Portuguese History

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Battles of December 17 plus museums and artwork information

Battles of December 17 including descriptions of the battles, geographic locations, associated artwork, and museums where a person can find associated artifacts and artwork.

1. The Siege of Godesberg (1583)

Date: November 18 – December 17, 1583

War: Cologne War (1583–1588)

  • Description: A pivotal siege in the conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions for control of the Electorate of Cologne, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
  • Cause: Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the Prince-Elector of Cologne, converted to Calvinism and attempted to secularize the electorate, prompting a Catholic counter-force led by Ernest of Bavaria to intervene.
  • Result: Catholic Victory. On December 17, Bavarian forces successfully breached the walls of the Godesburg fortress using mines. The castle was stormed, and the defenders were defeated, securing a major stronghold for the Catholic faction.

Art & Museums

  • Painting/Artwork:
    • Siege of Godesberg (Engraving) by Frans Hogenberg (c. 1583). Hogenberg documented the Cologne War in a series of detailed engravings.
  • Museums with Artifacts:
    • Godesburg Fortress Ruins (Bad Godesberg, Bonn, Germany): The site itself serves as a monument, with preserved ruins and historical markers.
    • Rheinisches Landesmuseum (Bonn, Germany): Holds artifacts and documents from the Electorate of Cologne era.
  • Book: The Cologne War by various historians (often covered in general histories of the Holy Roman Empire, such as German Armies: War and German Politics, 1648-1806 by Peter H. Wilson).

Location

  • General: Bad Godesberg, Bonn, Germany.
  • Coordinates: 50.6844° N, 7.1517° E

2. The First Battle of Springfield (1776)

Date: December 17, 1776

War: American Revolutionary War

  • Description: A skirmish during the New Jersey campaign following the British capture of New York.
  • Cause: British and Hessian forces attempted to advance toward Morristown to crush Washington’s retreating army. New Jersey militia forces made a stand to delay them.
  • Result: Strategic American Success. The militia, though outmatched, harassed the British forces enough to delay their advance, buying crucial time for George Washington to regroup the Continental Army across the Delaware River (setting the stage for the Battle of Trenton).

Art & Museums

  • Painting/Artwork:
    • Battle of Connecticut Farms (Depicts the region and similar militia actions) by Larry Felder (Contemporary).
    • The Spirit of ’76 (General association) by Archibald Willard (c. 1875). While not of this specific battle, it captures the militia spirit of the NJ campaign.
  • Museums with Artifacts:
    • Caldwell Parsonage (Union, New Jersey): Features displays on the NJ battles of Springfield and Connecticut Farms.
    • Washington’s Headquarters Museum (Morristown, New Jersey): Holds extensive Revolutionary War artifacts relevant to the NJ campaign.
  • Book: The Forgotten Victory: The Battle for New Jersey – 1780 (Covers the strategic context of both Springfield battles) by Thomas Fleming.

George Washington’s Revenge: The 1777 New Jersey Campaign and How General Washington Turned Defeat into the Strategy That Won the Revolution by Arthur S. Lefkowitz

Location

  • General: Springfield, New Jersey, USA.
  • Coordinates: 40.7182° N, 74.3073° W

3. The Battle of the Mississinewa (1812)

Date: December 17-18, 1812

War: War of 1812

  • Description: An expedition by U.S. forces against the Miami Indian villages in the Indiana Territory.
  • Cause: In response to Native American attacks on Fort Wayne and Fort Harrison, General William Henry Harrison ordered Colonel John B. Campbell to destroy Miami villages to prevent them from supporting British forces.
  • Result: U.S. Victory. American troops destroyed several villages and inflicted casualties. However, a counterattack the next morning and severe frostbite among U.S. troops forced a retreat.

Art & Museums

Location

  • General: Near the Mississinewa River, Grant County, Indiana, USA.
  • Coordinates: 40.6789° N, 85.8111° W

4. Capture of Laguna de Terminos (1846)

Date: December 17, 1846

War: Mexican-American War

  • Description: A naval operation led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry to secure the Mexican Gulf coast.
  • Cause: The U.S. Navy sought to cut off supplies to central Mexico and control the logwood trade in the Yucatan peninsula.
  • Result: U.S. Victory. Perry captured the town of Carmen (Laguna de Terminos) without firing a shot, effectively occupying the island and securing a strategic port.

Art & Museums

  • Painting/Artwork:
    • Commodore Matthew C. Perry (Portrait) by William Sidney Mount (c. 1850s).
    • Naval Expedition to Tabasco (Lithograph illustrating the campaign) by Sarony & Major (1847).
  • Museums with Artifacts:
    • U.S. Naval Academy Museum (Annapolis, Maryland): Holds artifacts related to Commodore Perry and the Mexican War naval campaigns.
    • Naval History and Heritage Command (Washington, D.C.).
  • Book:

Location

  • General: Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico.
  • Coordinates: 18.6323° N, 91.8385° W

5. First Battle of Artois (1914)

Date: December 17, 1914 – January 13, 1915

War: World War I

  • Description: A major offensive by the French Army intended to break the trench stalemate on the Western Front.
  • Cause: French General Joffre ordered attacks on the Lorette Spur and Vimy Ridge to relieve pressure on other fronts and seize high ground from the Germans.
  • Result: Indecisive / Stalemate. The offensive began on December 17 but bogged down due to mud, fog, and entrenched German machine guns. It resulted in heavy casualties for minor territorial gains.

Art & Museums

  • Painting/Artwork:
    • Algerian Spahis in Artois (Lithograph) by Charles Huard (1914). Depicts North African troops in the region during the early winter battles.
    • Battle of Artois (Lithograph from “Europe During the War” series) by Anonymous (c. 1920). Held by the Met Museum.
  • Museums with Artifacts:
    • Lens’ 14 – 18 Great War Museum (Souchez, France): Dedicated to the battles of Artois.
    • National WWI Museum and Memorial (Kansas City, Missouri): Holds artwork and artifacts from the Western Front.
  • Book: Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War by Robert A. Doughty.

Location

  • General: Artois region (near Lens and Arras), France.
  • Coordinates: 50.3980° N, 2.7180° E (Notre Dame de Lorette)

6. Battle of St. Vith (1944)

Date: Intensified December 17, 1944 (Part of the Battle of the Bulge) (December 16-21, 1944)

War: World War II

  • Description: A critical defensive battle where the U.S. 7th Armored Division held the town of St. Vith against the German Ardennes Offensive.
  • Cause: Hitler launched a massive surprise attack to split the Allied armies. St. Vith was a vital road junction needed for the German advance.
  • Result: U.S. Defensive Success (Tactical). Although the town eventually fell days later, the defense on December 17 choked the German advance, disrupting their timetable and preventing them from reaching the Meuse River on schedule.

Art & Museums

  • Painting/Artwork:
    • Battle for Monte in the Ardennes (Watercolor painted near the front) by Robert Noel Blair (1945).
    • Message Center, 101st Airborne Division (Watercolor) by Olin Dows (1945).
    • Hold to the Last Round (Depicts the 28th Division on Dec 16-17) by James Dietz (Contemporary).
  • Museums with Artifacts:
    • National Museum of Military History (Diekirch, Luxembourg): Renowned for its Battle of the Bulge collection.
    • Bastogne War Museum (Bastogne, Belgium).
    • Airborne & Special Operations Museum (Fayetteville, North Carolina).
  • Book: A Time for Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge by Charles B. MacDonald.

Location

  • General: St. Vith, Belgium.
  • Coordinates: 50.2803° N, 6.1264° E

Books for sale

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Contact Information

For more “Military History Inside Out” please follow me at www.warscholar.org, on Facebook at warscholar, on twitter at Warscholar, on youtube at warscholar1945 and on Instagram @crisalvarezswarscholar. Or subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | Spotify

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Battles of December 16 plus museums and artwork information

Battles of December 16 including descriptions of the battles, geographic locations, associated artwork, and museums where a person can find associated artifacts and artwork.

1. Battle of Noryang

Date: December 16, 1598

War: Imjin War (Japanese Invasions of Korea)

Historical Context

  • Cause: The Allied fleet of the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) and Ming Dynasty (China) attempted to intercept and destroy the retreating Japanese fleet as they tried to withdraw from the Korean peninsula following the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
  • Result: A decisive Allied victory that resulted in the destruction of more than half of the Japanese fleet and marked the end of the Imjin War. However, it came at a great cost: the legendary Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin was killed by a stray bullet during the pursuit.

Art & Artifacts

  • Painting: The Battle of Noryang (Six-fold screen)
    • Artist: Anonymous
    • Year: Late Joseon Dynasty (Exact year varies by copy, often 18th–19th century depictions of the 1598 event)
  • Painting: Portrait of Yi Sun-sin
    • Artist: Unknown (Hanging scroll format)
    • Year: Late 16th Century / Early 17th Century reproductions

Museums & Collections

  • National Palace Museum of Korea (Seoul, South Korea): Houses the famous six-fold screen depicting the battle.
  • The War Memorial of Korea (Seoul, South Korea): Features extensive exhibits on the Imjin War, including replicas of the Turtle Ship (Geobukseon) and artifacts related to Admiral Yi.
  • Hyeonchungsa Shrine (Asan, South Korea): A major shrine and museum dedicated to Admiral Yi Sun-sin, housing his personal diary (Nanjung Ilgi) and long sword.

Location

  • General Location: Noryang Strait, off the coast of Namhae County, South Korea.
  • Coordinates: 34.9458°
    N, 127.8744° E

Recommended Reading

2. Battle of Blood River (Battle of Ncome)

Date: December 16, 1838

War: The Great Trek (Voortrekker–Zulu Conflict)

Historical Context

  • Cause: Tensions between the Voortrekkers (Boer pioneers) and the Zulu Kingdom escalated over land disputes and the massacre of Piet Retief’s delegation by King Dingane. The Voortrekkers, led by Andries Pretorius, established a defensive wagon laager to confront the Zulu impis.
  • Result: A decisive Voortrekker victory. The Zulu forces suffered heavy casualties (over 3,000 killed) while the Voortrekkers suffered only three minor injuries. This victory was historically commemorated as the “Day of the Vow” and is now known as the Day of Reconciliation in South Africa.

Art & Artifacts

  • Painting: The Battle of Blood River
    • Artist: W.H. Coetzer
    • Year: Circa 1940s (Coetzer is famous for his historical tapestries and paintings of the Great Trek)
  • Painting: Zulu Massacre at Blood River
    • Artist: Harry Green
    • Year: 1978

Museums & Collections

  • Ncome Museum (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa): Situated on the Zulu side of the river, this museum offers the Zulu perspective of the battle and Zulu culture.
  • Blood River Heritage Site (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa): Located on the opposite bank, featuring a life-size replica of the bronze wagon laager.
  • Voortrekker Monument (Pretoria, South Africa): Contains a historical frieze and tapestry series by W.H. Coetzer depicting the battle.

Location

  • General Location: Banks of the Ncome River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
  • Coordinates: 28.1053°
    S, 30.5417° E

Recommended Reading

3. Battle of Nashville

Date: December 15–16, 1864 (Concluded on the 16th) War: American Civil War

Historical Context

  • Cause: Confederate General John Bell Hood besieged Nashville in a desperate attempt to reclaim Tennessee and cut off Union supply lines. Union General George H. Thomas launched a methodical, massive two-day attack to break the siege.
  • Result: A crushing Union victory. The Confederate Army of Tennessee was routed and effectively ceased to exist as a cohesive fighting force, ending major Confederate offensive operations in the Western Theater.

Art & Artifacts

  • Painting: The Battle of Nashville
    • Artist: Howard Pyle
    • Year: 1906 ( painted for the Minnesota State Capitol to honor the governor who led a charge there)
  • Print: The Attack on Shy’s Hill
    • Artist: Lt. Col. Howard Massey
    • Year: Late 20th Century (Contemporary historical art)

Museums & Collections

  • Tennessee State Museum (Nashville, USA): Holds a vast collection of uniforms, weapons, and battle flags from the conflict.
  • Minnesota State Capitol (St. Paul, USA): Houses Howard Pyle’s massive original painting in the Governor’s Reception Room.
  • Battle of Nashville Monument Park (Nashville, USA): Preserves key parcels of the battlefield, including Shy’s Hill.

Location

  • General Location: Nashville, Tennessee, USA (specifically the hills to the south of the city).
  • Coordinates: 36.1055°
    N, 86.7960° W     (Vicinity of Shy’s Hill)

Recommended Reading

4. Battle of the Bulge (Start of the Ardennes Counteroffensive)

Date: December 16, 1944 (Start date) War: World War II

Historical Context

  • Cause: In a final attempt to turn the tide of the war, Adolf Hitler launched a surprise blitzkrieg through the dense Ardennes forest to split the Allied armies, seize the port of Antwerp, and force a negotiated peace.
  • Result: After initial German advances, the Allies (primarily US forces) held critical road junctions (like Bastogne). The German offensive eventually stalled and was pushed back, depleting Germany’s last reserves of armored vehicles and manpower.

Art & Artifacts

  • Watercolor: Battle for Monte in the Ardennes
    • Artist: Robert Noel Blair
    • Year: 1945 (Painted in a hospital in Liège shortly after the event)
  • Painting: K-Rations (Depicting the siege of Bastogne)
    • Artist: Aaron Bohrod
    • Year: 1945

Museums & Collections

  • Bastogne War Museum (Bastogne, Belgium): The premier museum for the battle, located near the Mardasson Memorial.
  • National Museum of Military History (Diekirch, Luxembourg): Famous for its large dioramas and extensive collection of vehicles from the battle.
  • The National WWII Museum (New Orleans, USA): Features an immersive gallery dedicated to the “Road to Berlin” and the Ardennes campaign.

Location

  • General Location: The Ardennes region, spanning eastern Belgium and Luxembourg.
  • Coordinates: 50.0000°
    N, 5.7167° E

Recommended Reading

Books for sale

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Contact Information

For more “Military History Inside Out” please follow me at www.warscholar.org, on Facebook at warscholar, on twitter at Warscholar, on youtube at warscholar1945 and on Instagram @crisalvarezswarscholar. Or subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | Spotify

Tags: military museum, military artwork, battles, Military History, War History, Battle Art, War Paintings, Military Art, December 16, On This Day, History, Military History, War History, December 16, Today In History, History Buff, Historical Facts, History Matters, #LearnHistory #BattleOfTheBulge #WWII #BattleOfNashville #CivilWar #BattleOfNoryang #YiSunSin #ImjinWar #BattleOfBloodRiver #Voortrekker #ZuluHistory #Ardennes1944 #WarArt #MilitaryArt #MuseumLife #ArtHistory #HowardPyle #HistoricalPainting #MuseumVisit #BastogneWarMuseum #TennesseeStateMuseum #KoreanHistory

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